美联储做了年内的第一个决定 只字未提中国(图)

　　新闻配图

　　美联储本周做出年内第一个货币政策决定：维持利率不变。

　　虽然早前市场便普遍预计美联储将维持利率不变，但投资者密切政策声明的细节，从中观察近期围绕中国经济和油价下跌的担忧是否影响了美联储对美国经济状况的评估。

　　近期美元走强超前于美联储加息计划，令美联储试图在几乎不对经济造成任何不利影响的情况下缓慢加息的努力变得困难。不过在此次声明中，美联储依然预期能源价格下滑和美元走强只是暂时性的，通胀在中期内将上扬。

　　令市场大感意外的是，此次美联储利率决议只字未提中国，中国股市、人民币汇率近期大幅波动备受全球投资者瞩目。

　　这份声明表明，若市场动荡和全球增长放缓的局面持续下去或者进一步恶化，则美联储可能会改变今年继续加息的计划，但官员们尚未准备好暂停加息。

　　在去年12月份的会议上，美联储进来了九年来的首次加息。美联储去年12月计划今年将加息四次，每次加息0.25个百分点。投资者和交易员则认为实际加息次数会少得多。如果美联储按计划加息，到今年年底利率将升至1.375%;而期货市场走势显示，预期到今年12月利率将为0.605%，这意味著美联储只会加息一次，甚至这一次都不确定。

　　美联储主席耶伦(Janet Yellen)现在日程繁忙，她将于2月到国会作证，3月15-16日参加重要的政策会议。央行官员届时将权衡是否再次上调基准利率。

　　以下是美联储1月26-27日货币政策会议后发布的声明全文：

　　联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)自12月会议以来获得的信息显示，尽管去年年底经济成长放缓，但就业市场状况进一步改善。近几个月家庭支出和企业固定投资一直处于温和增长，楼市出现进一步改善，但净出口疲弱，库存投资放缓。近期包括就业强劲增长在内的一系列就业市场指标显示就业资源利用不足的情况进一步减轻。通胀仍在委员会的2%较长期目标水准之下，部分是因能源价格下跌以及非能源产品进口价格降低。基于市场的通胀补偿指标进一步下滑，一些调查显示近几个月较长期通胀预期基本上变动不大。

　　委员会将依照法定的目标，寻求促进就业最大化和物价稳定。委员会目前预计，随着逐步调整货币政策立场，经济活动将继续温和扩张，就业市场指标将继续增强。预计短期内通胀仍保持低位，部分因能源价格进一步下滑，但预计将在中期升至2%，因能源和进口价格下挫的暂时性影响消退及就业市场进一步增强。委员会将继续密切关注全球经济和金融市场发展，并评估对就业市场和通胀的影响，以及经济前景风险是否平衡。

　　鉴于经济前景，委员会决定维持联邦基金利率目标区间在0.25-0.5%。货币政策立场将保持宽松，因此会支持就业市场状况进一步改善及通胀回升至2%。在决定未来调整联邦基金利率目标区间的时机和规模时，委员会将评估向就业最大化以及2%通胀目标相关的经济状况的已实现和预期的进展。评估将考量广泛的信息，包括就业市场状况数据、通胀压力和通胀预期指标，以及金融市场发展读数和国际情势发展。鉴于目前通胀仍未达到2%目标，委员会将密切监控向通胀目标取得的实际和预期的进展。委员会预计，经济未来的发展只能为逐步上调联邦基金利率提供理据;联邦基金利率可能在一段时间内会维持在低于预计在较长期内保持的水准。不过，联邦基金利率实际路径将取决于未来数据展现的经济前景。

　　委员会维持把所持机构债和机构MBS回笼本金再投资到机构MBS的现有政策，以及通过标购继续延长所持公债年期。委员会预计在开展将联邦基金利率水准正常化一段时间内仍会这么做。委员会透过这一政策持有庞大的较长期证券仓位应会有助于维持宽松的金融市场状况。

　　投票赞成美联储货币政策决议的FOMC委员包括:美联储主席耶伦、副主席杜德利、理事布雷纳德、圣路易斯联储主席布拉德、理事费舍尔、堪萨斯城联储主席乔治、克利夫兰联储主席梅斯特、理事鲍威尔、波士顿联储主席、理事塔鲁洛。

　　英文原版

　　Release Date: January 27, 2016

　　For release at 2:00 p.m. EST

　　Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in December suggests that labor market conditions improved further even as economic growth slowed late last year. Household spending and business fixed investment have been increasing at moderate rates in recent months, and the housing sector has improved further; however, net exports have been soft and inventory investment slowed. A range of recent labor market indicators, including strong job gains, points to some additional decline in underutilization of labor resources. Inflation has continued to run below the Committee's 2 percent longer-run objective, partly reflecting declines in energy prices and in prices of non-energy imports. Market-based measures of inflation compensation declined further; survey-based measures of longer-term inflation expectations are little changed, on balance, in recent months.

　　Consistent with its statutory mandate, the Committee seeks to foster maximum employment and price stability. The Committee currently expects that, with gradual adjustments in the stance of monetary policy, economic activity will expand at a moderate pace and labor market indicators will continue to strengthen. Inflation is expected to remain low in the near term, in part because of the further declines in energy prices, but to rise to 2 percent over the medium term as the transitory effects of declines in energy and import prices dissipate and the labor market strengthens further. The Committee is closely monitoring global economic and financial developments and is assessing their implications for the labor market and inflation, and for the balance of risks to the outlook.

　　Given the economic outlook, the Committee decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 1/4 to 1/2 percent. The stance of monetary policy remains accommodative, thereby supporting further improvement in labor market conditions and a return to 2 percent inflation.

　　In determining the timing and size of future adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will assess realized and expected economic conditions relative to its objectives of maximum employment and 2 percent inflation. This assessment will take into account a wide range of information, including measures of labor market conditions, indicators of inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and readings on financial and international developments. In light of the current shortfall of inflation from 2 percent, the Committee will carefully monitor actual and expected progress toward its inflation goal. The Committee expects that economic conditions will evolve in a manner that will warrant only gradual increases in the federal funds rate; the federal funds rate is likely to remain, for some time, below levels that are expected to prevail in the longer run. However, the actual path of the federal funds rate will depend on the economic outlook as informed by incoming data.

　　The Committee is maintaining its existing policy of reinvesting principal payments from its holdings of agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities in agency mortgage-backed securities and of rolling over maturing Treasury securities at auction, and it anticipates doing so until normalization of the level of the federal funds rate is well under way. This policy, by keeping the Committee's holdings of longer-term securities at sizable levels, should help maintain accommodative financial conditions.

　　Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were: Janet L. Yellen, Chair; William C. Dudley, Vice Chairman; Lael Brainard; James Bullard; Stanley Fischer; Esther L. George; Loretta J. Mester; Jerome H. Powell; Eric Rosengren; and Daniel K. Tarullo.

　　Implementation Note issued January 27, 2016